如何应对高中英语阅读理解中的"否定"考查方式

　　高中英语阅读理解中有哪些常见的"否定"考查方式，每一种方式都如何应对？以下北京新东方优能一对一部高中英语资深教师孙老师解读学习方法，通过案例讲解的方式帮助同学们更好地掌握知识点内容。
　　1、阅读理解中常见的"否定"考查方式
　　① 形容词和副词，比如little，few，never，hardly，seldom等
　　② 动词，比如stop，avoid， fail等
　　③ 介词，比如instead of， rather than，too…to…， from，without等
　　例题1 2016年北京卷C篇
　　65. According to Paragraph 5， lead poisoning _____.
　　A. makes condors too nervous to fly
　　B. has little effect on condors' kidneys
　　C. can hardly be gotten rid of from condors' blood
　　D. makes it different for condors to produce baby birds
　　【第五段】Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead， they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds， and can lead to kidney（肾） failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo， where they are treated with calcium EDTA， a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5. 4% in 2011.
　　北京新东方优能一对一部高中英语孙老师解释道这道题前3个选项都涉及到"否定"的含义，比如A项中too..to…，B项中little，C项中hardly。A项意义"使秃鹫太紧张而无法飞行"，B项意义"对秃鹫的肾几乎没有影响"，C项意义"几乎不能从秃鹫的血液中清除掉"，D项意义"对秃鹫繁殖产生影响"。按照优能一对一课堂上，我们所讲的细节题的解题方法可知，先找出关键词，然后回原位定位，进行信息比较。原文中nervous所在的位置，提到nervous system，A项与之无关，排除。原文中kidney所在的位置，提到kidney failure，即肾衰，也就是铅中毒会引起肾衰，B项相反，排除。原文blood所在的位置，提到remove lead from blood，即从血液中清除，C项相反，排除。原文baby birds所在的位置，提到This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds，即这（铅中毒）影响他们的神经系统和繁殖能力，所以与D项含义相同，D项是正确答案。
　　例题2 2015年北京卷C篇
　　65. One way for an animal to become transparent is to _____.
　　A. change the direction of light travel
　　B. gather materials to scatter light.
　　C. avoid the absorption of light
　　D. grow bigger to stop light.
　　【第五段】To become transparent， an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments（色素）that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn't have pigments， so its tissues won't absorb light. According to Johnsen， avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.
　　按照北京新东方优能一对一老师课堂上所讲的细节题的方法，可知根据题干中的"to become transparent"作为关键信息词，定位至第五段中的首句，To become transparent， an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light。 在这句话中出现了keep…from这个结构，表示阻止……去做某事，或者使……不去做某事。因此这句话含义为为了变成透明的，一个动物需要阻止它的身体吸收或者散射光线。选项C中avoid the absorption of light，意思是避免吸收光线，也就是不去吸收光线的意思。C项与原文含义相同，是正确答案。
　　例题3 2014年北京卷C篇
　　65. According to the writer， which of the following statements is a good goal？
　　A. "I'll give up desert."
　　B. "I'll study harder."
　　C. "I'll cut down my expense"
　　D. "I'll spend more time with my family"
　　【A项原文】Instead of resolving to lose weight， try an actionable resolution： "I'll stop having desert for lunch，" or "I'll walk every day for 20 minutes."
　　【B项原文】Fryer's conclusion was that the intensives for inputs might be more effective because do not know how to do better on exam， aside from general rules like "study harder."
　　【C项原文】If you want to cut down on your spending， a good goal would be *** morning coffee at home instead of going to a cafe， for example.
　　【D项原文】Similarly， if you want to spend more time with your family， don't stop with this general wish. Think bout an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to， like a family movie night every Wednesday.
　　A项原文中含有instead of表示否定，意义是不是决心减肥，而是尝试一种可行的决定"我不再以甜食作为午餐"或者"每天走20分钟"，可知A项被评价为可行的，所以是正确答案。
　　B项原文中含有aside from表示除了，意义是弗莱尔的结论是对于输入的激励更加有效，因为学生不知道如何考出考成绩，除了泛泛的规则"努力学习"，可知B想被评价为泛泛的，所以错误。
　　C项原文中含有instead of表示否定，意义是如果你想减少开支，好的目标应该是在家煮咖啡而不是去咖啡馆，可知C项不是好目标，所以错误。
　　D项原文中含有don't 表示否定，意义是相似的，如果你想花更多时间陪伴家人，不要止于这个大概的想法。考虑一个可行的你可以采用并且坚持的习惯，比如每周三晚上家庭电影。可知D项是个大概的想法，所以错误。
　　综上，北京新东方优能一对一部高中英语孙老师列举了与形容词、副词、动词、介词相关的否定词汇的考查点，希望能够帮助应考的同学。